Hashing is appropriate for password validation. Hashing is a one-way function (i.e., it is impossible to 'decrypt' a hash and obtain the original plaintext value). However, in almost all circumstances, passwords should be hashed, NOT encrypted. Hashing and encryption both provide ways to keep sensitive data safe. Consider using a pepper to provide additional defense in depth (though alone, it provides no additional secure characteristics).If FIPS-140 compliance is required, use PBKDF2 with a work factor of 310,000 or more and set with an internal hash function of HMAC-SHA-256.For legacy systems using scrypt, use a minimum CPU/memory cost parameter of (2^16), a minimum block size of 8 (1024 bytes), and a parallelization parameter of 1.

If Argon2id is not available, use bcrypt with a work factor of 10 or more and with a password limit of 72 bytes.

Use Argon2id with a minimum configuration of 15 MiB of memory, an iteration count of 2, and 1 degree of parallelism.

This cheat sheet provides guidance on the various areas that need to be considered related to storing passwords. As a defender, it is only possible to slow down offline attacks by selecting hash algorithms that are as resource intensive as possible. The majority of modern languages and frameworks provide built-in functionality to help store passwords safely.Īfter an attacker has acquired stored password hashes, they are always able to brute force hashes offline. It is essential to store passwords in a way that prevents them from being obtained by an attacker even if the application or database is compromised. Password Storage Cheat Sheet ¶ Introduction ¶ Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention

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